Speaker
Description
Genetic data sampled from human populations are high-dimensional and complex. Many tools have been developed to analyze such data; however, these methods often require specifying a pre-determined number of ancestral populations, may not scale efficiently to large datasets, or rely on model assumptions about processes such as migration and population bottlenecks. Here, we investigate whether the topological properties of populations, analyzed using Topological Data Analysis (TDA), can reveal features that help characterize population admixture. We used persistent homology, a tool in TDA, to detect topological signatures of admixture in 26 human populations comprising 3,202 individuals from whole-genome sequencing data from the 1000 Genomes Project. We found that the topological structures of populations, visualized as barcodes, can differentiate admixed populations from non-admixed ones. Clustering based on the Wasserstein distance between barcodes groups admixed populations together, indicating that our method can detect common topological signatures of admixture. We also found that the topological signatures of the Iberian populations in Spain are more similar to those of admixed populations than to other European populations.
Bibliography
@article{the_1000_genomes_project_consortium_global_2015,
title = {A global reference for human genetic variation},
volume = {526},
issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15393},
doi = {10.1038/nature15393},
language = {en},
number = {7571},
urldate = {2026-03-15},
journal = {Nature},
author = {{The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium} and {Corresponding authors} and Auton, Adam and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and {Steering committee} and Altshuler, David M. and Durbin, Richard M. and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and Bentley, David R. and Chakravarti, Aravinda and Clark, Andrew G. and Donnelly, Peter and Eichler, Evan E. and Flicek, Paul and Gabriel, Stacey B. and Gibbs, Richard A. and Green, Eric D. and Hurles, Matthew E. and Knoppers, Bartha M. and Korbel, Jan O. and Lander, Eric S. and Lee, Charles and Lehrach, Hans and Mardis, Elaine R. and Marth, Gabor T. and McVean, Gil A. and Nickerson, Deborah A. and Schmidt, Jeanette P. and Sherry, Stephen T. and Wang, Jun and Wilson, Richard K. and {Production group} and {Baylor College of Medicine} and Gibbs, Richard A. and Boerwinkle, Eric and Doddapaneni, Harsha and Han, Yi and Korchina, Viktoriya and Kovar, Christie and Lee, Sandra and Muzny, Donna and Reid, Jeffrey G. and Zhu, Yiming and {BGI-Shenzhen} and Wang, Jun and Chang, Yuqi and Feng, Qiang and Fang, Xiaodong and Guo, Xiaosen and Jian, Min and Jiang, Hui and Jin, Xin and Lan, Tianming and Li, Guoqing and Li, Jingxiang and Li, Yingrui and Liu, Shengmao and Liu, Xiao and Lu, Yao and Ma, Xuedi and Tang, Meifang and Wang, Bo and Wang, Guangbiao and Wu, Honglong and Wu, Renhua and Xu, Xun and Yin, Ye and Zhang, Dandan and Zhang, Wenwei and Zhao, Jiao and Zhao, Meiru and Zheng, Xiaole and {Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard} and Lander, Eric S. and Altshuler, David M. and Gabriel, Stacey B. and Gupta, Namrata and {Coriell Institute for Medical Research} and Gharani, Neda and Toji, Lorraine H. and Gerry, Norman P. and Resch, Alissa M. and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute} and Flicek, Paul and Barker, Jonathan and Clarke, Laura and Gil, Laurent and Hunt, Sarah E. and Kelman, Gavin and Kulesha, Eugene and Leinonen, Rasko and McLaren, William M. and Radhakrishnan, Rajesh and Roa, Asier and Smirnov, Dmitriy and Smith, Richard E. and Streeter, Ian and Thormann, Anja and Toneva, Iliana and Vaughan, Brendan and Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun and {Illumina} and Bentley, David R. and Grocock, Russell and Humphray, Sean and James, Terena and Kingsbury, Zoya and {Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics} and Lehrach, Hans and Sudbrak, Ralf and Albrecht, Marcus W. and Amstislavskiy, Vyacheslav S. and Borodina, Tatiana A. and Lienhard, Matthias and Mertes, Florian and Sultan, Marc and Timmermann, Bernd and Yaspo, Marie-Laure and {McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University} and Mardis, Elaine R. and Wilson, Richard K. and Fulton, Lucinda and Fulton, Robert and {US National Institutes of Health} and Sherry, Stephen T. and Ananiev, Victor and Belaia, Zinaida and Beloslyudtsev, Dimitriy and Bouk, Nathan and Chen, Chao and Church, Deanna and Cohen, Robert and Cook, Charles and Garner, John and Hefferon, Timothy and Kimelman, Mikhail and Liu, Chunlei and Lopez, John and Meric, Peter and O’Sullivan, Chris and Ostapchuk, Yuri and Phan, Lon and Ponomarov, Sergiy and Schneider, Valerie and Shekhtman, Eugene and Sirotkin, Karl and Slotta, Douglas and Zhang, Hua and {University of Oxford} and McVean, Gil A. and {Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute} and Durbin, Richard M. and Balasubramaniam, Senduran and Burton, John and Danecek, Petr and Keane, Thomas M. and Kolb-Kokocinski, Anja and McCarthy, Shane and Stalker, James and Quail, Michael and {Analysis group} and {Affymetrix} and Schmidt, Jeanette P. and Davies, Christopher J. and Gollub, Jeremy and Webster, Teresa and Wong, Brant and Zhan, Yiping and {Albert Einstein College of Medicine} and Auton, Adam and Campbell, Christopher L. and Kong, Yu and Marcketta, Anthony and {Baylor College of Medicine} and Gibbs, Richard A. and Yu, Fuli and Antunes, Lilian and Bainbridge, Matthew and Muzny, Donna and Sabo, Aniko and Huang, Zhuoyi and {BGI-Shenzhen} and Wang, Jun and Coin, Lachlan J. M. and Fang, Lin and Guo, Xiaosen and Jin, Xin and Li, Guoqing and Li, Qibin and Li, Yingrui and Li, Zhenyu and Lin, Haoxiang and Liu, Binghang and Luo, Ruibang and Shao, Haojing and Xie, Yinlong and Ye, Chen and Yu, Chang and Zhang, Fan and Zheng, Hancheng and Zhu, Hongmei and {Bilkent University} and Alkan, Can and Dal, Elif and Kahveci, Fatma and {Boston College} and Marth, Gabor T. and Garrison, Erik P. and Kural, Deniz and Lee, Wan-Ping and Fung Leong, Wen and Stromberg, Michael and Ward, Alistair N. and Wu, Jiantao and Zhang, Mengyao and {Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard} and Daly, Mark J. and DePristo, Mark A. and Handsaker, Robert E. and Altshuler, David M. and Banks, Eric and Bhatia, Gaurav and Del Angel, Guillermo and Gabriel, Stacey B. and Genovese, Giulio and Gupta, Namrata and Li, Heng and Kashin, Seva and Lander, Eric S. and McCarroll, Steven A. and Nemesh, James C. and Poplin, Ryan E. and {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory} and Yoon, Seungtai C. and Lihm, Jayon and Makarov, Vladimir and {Cornell University} and Clark, Andrew G. and Gottipati, Srikanth and Keinan, Alon and Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L. and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory} and Korbel, Jan O. and Rausch, Tobias and Fritz, Markus H. and Stütz, Adrian M. and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute} and Flicek, Paul and Beal, Kathryn and Clarke, Laura and Datta, Avik and Herrero, Javier and McLaren, William M. and Ritchie, Graham R. S. and Smith, Richard E. and Zerbino, Daniel and Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun and {Harvard University} and Sabeti, Pardis C. and Shlyakhter, Ilya and Schaffner, Stephen F. and Vitti, Joseph and {Human Gene Mutation Database} and Cooper, David N. and Ball, Edward V. and Stenson, Peter D. and {Illumina} and Bentley, David R. and Barnes, Bret and Bauer, Markus and Keira Cheetham, R. and Cox, Anthony and Eberle, Michael and Humphray, Sean and Kahn, Scott and Murray, Lisa and Peden, John and Shaw, Richard and {Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai} and Kenny, Eimear E. and {Louisiana State University} and Batzer, Mark A. and Konkel, Miriam K. and Walker, Jerilyn A. and {Massachusetts General Hospital} and MacArthur, Daniel G. and Lek, Monkol and {Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics} and Sudbrak, Ralf and Amstislavskiy, Vyacheslav S. and Herwig, Ralf and {McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University} and Mardis, Elaine R. and Ding, Li and Koboldt, Daniel C. and Larson, David and Ye, Kai and {McGill University} and Gravel, Simon and {National Eye Institute, NIH} and Swaroop, Anand and Chew, Emily and {New York Genome Center} and Lappalainen, Tuuli and Erlich, Yaniv and Gymrek, Melissa and Frederick Willems, Thomas and {Ontario Institute for Cancer Research} and Simpson, Jared T. and {Pennsylvania State University} and Shriver, Mark D. and {Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey} and Rosenfeld, Jeffrey A. and {Stanford University} and Bustamante, Carlos D. and Montgomery, Stephen B. and De La Vega, Francisco M. and Byrnes, Jake K. and Carroll, Andrew W. and DeGorter, Marianne K. and Lacroute, Phil and Maples, Brian K. and Martin, Alicia R. and Moreno-Estrada, Andres and Shringarpure, Suyash S. and Zakharia, Fouad and {Tel-Aviv University} and Halperin, Eran and Baran, Yael and {The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine} and Lee, Charles and Cerveira, Eliza and Hwang, Jaeho and Malhotra, Ankit and Plewczynski, Dariusz and Radew, Kamen and Romanovitch, Mallory and Zhang, Chengsheng and {Thermo Fisher Scientific} and Hyland, Fiona C. L. and {Translational Genomics Research Institute} and Craig, David W. and Christoforides, Alexis and Homer, Nils and Izatt, Tyler and Kurdoglu, Ahmet A. and Sinari, Shripad A. and Squire, Kevin and {US National Institutes of Health} and Sherry, Stephen T. and Xiao, Chunlin and {University of California, San Diego} and Sebat, Jonathan and Antaki, Danny and Gujral, Madhusudan and Noor, Amina and Ye, Kenny and {University of California, San Francisco} and Burchard, Esteban G. and Hernandez, Ryan D. and Gignoux, Christopher R. and {University of California, Santa Cruz} and Haussler, David and Katzman, Sol J. and James Kent, W. and {University of Chicago} and Howie, Bryan and {University College London} and Ruiz-Linares, Andres and {University of Geneva} and Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. and {University of Maryland School of Medicine} and Devine, Scott E. and {University of Michigan} and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and Min Kang, Hyun and Kidd, Jeffrey M. and Blackwell, Tom and Caron, Sean and Chen, Wei and Emery, Sarah and Fritsche, Lars and Fuchsberger, Christian and Jun, Goo and Li, Bingshan and Lyons, Robert and Scheller, Chris and Sidore, Carlo and Song, Shiya and Sliwerska, Elzbieta and Taliun, Daniel and Tan, Adrian and Welch, Ryan and Kate Wing, Mary and Zhan, Xiaowei and {University of Montréal} and Awadalla, Philip and Hodgkinson, Alan and {University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill} and Li, Yun and {University of North Carolina at Charlotte} and Shi, Xinghua and Quitadamo, Andrew and {University of Oxford} and Lunter, Gerton and McVean, Gil A. and Marchini, Jonathan L. and Myers, Simon and Churchhouse, Claire and Delaneau, Olivier and Gupta-Hinch, Anjali and Kretzschmar, Warren and Iqbal, Zamin and Mathieson, Iain and Menelaou, Androniki and Rimmer, Andy and Xifara, Dionysia K. and {University of Puerto Rico} and Oleksyk, Taras K. and {University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston} and Fu, Yunxin and Liu, Xiaoming and Xiong, Momiao and {University of Utah} and Jorde, Lynn and Witherspoon, David and Xing, Jinchuan and {University of Washington} and Eichler, Evan E. and Browning, Brian L. and Browning, Sharon R. and Hormozdiari, Fereydoun and Sudmant, Peter H. and {Weill Cornell Medical College} and Khurana, Ekta and {Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute} and Durbin, Richard M. and Hurles, Matthew E. and Tyler-Smith, Chris and Albers, Cornelis A. and Ayub, Qasim and Balasubramaniam, Senduran and Chen, Yuan and Colonna, Vincenza and Danecek, Petr and Jostins, Luke and Keane, Thomas M. and McCarthy, Shane and Walter, Klaudia and Xue, Yali and {Yale University} and Gerstein, Mark B. and Abyzov, Alexej and Balasubramanian, Suganthi and Chen, Jieming and Clarke, Declan and Fu, Yao and Harmanci, Arif O. and Jin, Mike and Lee, Donghoon and Liu, Jeremy and Jasmine Mu, Xinmeng and Zhang, Jing and Zhang, Yan and {Structural variation group} and {BGI-Shenzhen} and Li, Yingrui and Luo, Ruibang and Zhu, Hongmei and {Bilkent University} and Alkan, Can and Dal, Elif and Kahveci, Fatma and {Boston College} and Marth, Gabor T. and Garrison, Erik P. and Kural, Deniz and Lee, Wan-Ping and Ward, Alistair N. and Wu, Jiantao and Zhang, Mengyao and {Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard} and McCarroll, Steven A. and Handsaker, Robert E. and Altshuler, David M. and Banks, Eric and Del Angel, Guillermo and Genovese, Giulio and Hartl, Chris and Li, Heng and Kashin, Seva and Nemesh, James C. and Shakir, Khalid and {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory} and Yoon, Seungtai C. and Lihm, Jayon and Makarov, Vladimir and {Cornell University} and Degenhardt, Jeremiah and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory} and Korbel, Jan O. and Fritz, Markus H. and Meiers, Sascha and Raeder, Benjamin and Rausch, Tobias and Stütz, Adrian M. and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute} and Flicek, Paul and Paolo Casale, Francesco and Clarke, Laura and Smith, Richard E. and Stegle, Oliver and Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun and {Illumina} and Bentley, David R. and Barnes, Bret and Keira Cheetham, R. and Eberle, Michael and Humphray, Sean and Kahn, Scott and Murray, Lisa and Shaw, Richard and {Leiden University Medical Center} and Lameijer, Eric-Wubbo and {Louisiana State University} and Batzer, Mark A. and Konkel, Miriam K. and Walker, Jerilyn A. and {McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University} and Ding, Li and Hall, Ira and Ye, Kai and {Stanford University} and Lacroute, Phil and {The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine} and Lee, Charles and Cerveira, Eliza and Malhotra, Ankit and Hwang, Jaeho and Plewczynski, Dariusz and Radew, Kamen and Romanovitch, Mallory and Zhang, Chengsheng and {Translational Genomics Research Institute} and Craig, David W. and Homer, Nils and {US National Institutes of Health} and Church, Deanna and Xiao, Chunlin and {University of California, San Diego} and Sebat, Jonathan and Antaki, Danny and Bafna, Vineet and Michaelson, Jacob and Ye, Kenny and {University of Maryland School of Medicine} and Devine, Scott E. and Gardner, Eugene J. and {University of Michigan} and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and Kidd, Jeffrey M. and Mills, Ryan E. and Dayama, Gargi and Emery, Sarah and Jun, Goo and {University of North Carolina at Charlotte} and Shi, Xinghua and Quitadamo, Andrew and {University of Oxford} and Lunter, Gerton and McVean, Gil A. and {University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center} and Chen, Ken and Fan, Xian and Chong, Zechen and Chen, Tenghui and {University of Utah} and Witherspoon, David and Xing, Jinchuan and {University of Washington} and Eichler, Evan E. and Chaisson, Mark J. and Hormozdiari, Fereydoun and Huddleston, John and Malig, Maika and Nelson, Bradley J. and Sudmant, Peter H. and {Vanderbilt University School of Medicine} and Parrish, Nicholas F. and {Weill Cornell Medical College} and Khurana, Ekta and {Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute} and Hurles, Matthew E. and Blackburne, Ben and Lindsay, Sarah J. and Ning, Zemin and Walter, Klaudia and Zhang, Yujun and {Yale University} and Gerstein, Mark B. and Abyzov, Alexej and Chen, Jieming and Clarke, Declan and Lam, Hugo and Jasmine Mu, Xinmeng and Sisu, Cristina and Zhang, Jing and Zhang, Yan and {Exome group} and {Baylor College of Medicine} and Gibbs, Richard A. and Yu, Fuli and Bainbridge, Matthew and Challis, Danny and Evani, Uday S. and Kovar, Christie and Lu, James and Muzny, Donna and Nagaswamy, Uma and Reid, Jeffrey G. and Sabo, Aniko and Yu, Jin and {BGI-Shenzhen} and Guo, Xiaosen and Li, Wangshen and Li, Yingrui and Wu, Renhua and {Boston College} and Marth, Gabor T. and Garrison, Erik P. and Fung Leong, Wen and Ward, Alistair N. and {Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard} and Del Angel, Guillermo and DePristo, Mark A. and Gabriel, Stacey B. and Gupta, Namrata and Hartl, Chris and Poplin, Ryan E. and {Cornell University} and Clark, Andrew G. and Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L. and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute} and Flicek, Paul and Clarke, Laura and Smith, Richard E. and Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun and {Massachusetts General Hospital} and MacArthur, Daniel G. and {McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University} and Mardis, Elaine R. and Fulton, Robert and Koboldt, Daniel C. and {McGill University} and Gravel, Simon and {Stanford University} and Bustamante, Carlos D. and {Translational Genomics Research Institute} and Craig, David W. and Christoforides, Alexis and Homer, Nils and Izatt, Tyler and {US National Institutes of Health} and Sherry, Stephen T. and Xiao, Chunlin and {University of Geneva} and Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. and {University of Michigan} and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and Min Kang, Hyun and {University of Oxford} and McVean, Gil A. and {Yale University} and Gerstein, Mark B. and Balasubramanian, Suganthi and Habegger, Lukas and {Functional interpretation group} and {Cornell University} and Yu, Haiyuan and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute} and Flicek, Paul and Clarke, Laura and Cunningham, Fiona and Dunham, Ian and Zerbino, Daniel and Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun and {Harvard University} and Lage, Kasper and Berg Jespersen, Jakob and Horn, Heiko and {Stanford University} and Montgomery, Stephen B. and DeGorter, Marianne K. and {Weill Cornell Medical College} and Khurana, Ekta and {Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute} and Tyler-Smith, Chris and Chen, Yuan and Colonna, Vincenza and Xue, Yali and {Yale University} and Gerstein, Mark B. and Balasubramanian, Suganthi and Fu, Yao and Kim, Donghoon and {Chromosome Y group} and {Albert Einstein College of Medicine} and Auton, Adam and Marcketta, Anthony and {American Museum of Natural History} and Desalle, Rob and Narechania, Apurva and {Arizona State University} and Wilson Sayres, Melissa A. and {Boston College} and Garrison, Erik P. and {Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard} and Handsaker, Robert E. and Kashin, Seva and McCarroll, Steven A. and {Cornell University} and Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L. and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute} and Flicek, Paul and Clarke, Laura and Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun and {New York Genome Center} and Erlich, Yaniv and Gymrek, Melissa and Frederick Willems, Thomas and {Stanford University} and Bustamante, Carlos D. and Mendez, Fernando L. and David Poznik, G. and Underhill, Peter A. and {The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine} and Lee, Charles and Cerveira, Eliza and Malhotra, Ankit and Romanovitch, Mallory and Zhang, Chengsheng and {University of Michigan} and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and {University of Queensland} and Coin, Lachlan and Shao, Haojing and {Virginia Bioinformatics Institute} and Mittelman, David and {Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute} and Tyler-Smith, Chris and Ayub, Qasim and Banerjee, Ruby and Cerezo, Maria and Chen, Yuan and Fitzgerald, Thomas W. and Louzada, Sandra and Massaia, Andrea and McCarthy, Shane and Ritchie, Graham R. and Xue, Yali and Yang, Fengtang and {Data coordination center group} and {Baylor College of Medicine} and Gibbs, Richard A. and Kovar, Christie and Kalra, Divya and Hale, Walker and Muzny, Donna and Reid, Jeffrey G. and {BGI-Shenzhen} and Wang, Jun and Dan, Xu and Guo, Xiaosen and Li, Guoqing and Li, Yingrui and Ye, Chen and Zheng, Xiaole and {Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard} and Altshuler, David M. and {European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute} and Flicek, Paul and Clarke, Laura and Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun and {Illumina} and Bentley, David R. and Cox, Anthony and Humphray, Sean and Kahn, Scott and {Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics} and Sudbrak, Ralf and Albrecht, Marcus W. and Lienhard, Matthias and {McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University} and Larson, David and {Translational Genomics Research Institute} and Craig, David W. and Izatt, Tyler and Kurdoglu, Ahmet A. and {US National Institutes of Health} and Sherry, Stephen T. and Xiao, Chunlin and {University of California, Santa Cruz} and Haussler, David and {University of Michigan} and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and {University of Oxford} and McVean, Gil A. and {Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute} and Durbin, Richard M. and Balasubramaniam, Senduran and Keane, Thomas M. and McCarthy, Shane and Stalker, James and {Samples and ELSI group} and Chakravarti, Aravinda and Knoppers, Bartha M. and Abecasis, Gonçalo R. and Barnes, Kathleen C. and Beiswanger, Christine and Burchard, Esteban G. and Bustamante, Carlos D. and Cai, Hongyu and Cao, Hongzhi and Durbin, Richard M. and Gerry, Norman P. and Gharani, Neda and Gibbs, Richard A. and Gignoux, Christopher R. and Gravel, Simon and Henn, Brenna and Jones, Danielle and Jorde, Lynn and Kaye, Jane S. and Keinan, Alon and Kent, Alastair and Kerasidou, Angeliki and Li, Yingrui and Mathias, Rasika and McVean, Gil A. and Moreno-Estrada, Andres and Ossorio, Pilar N. and Parker, Michael and Resch, Alissa M. and Rotimi, Charles N. and Royal, Charmaine D. and Sandoval, Karla and Su, Yeyang and Sudbrak, Ralf and Tian, Zhongming and Tishkoff, Sarah and Toji, Lorraine H. and Tyler-Smith, Chris and Via, Marc and Wang, Yuhong and Yang, Huanming and Yang, Ling and Zhu, Jiayong and {Sample collection} and {British from England and Scotland (GBR)} and Bodmer, Walter and {Colombians in Medellín, Colombia (CLM)} and Bedoya, Gabriel and Ruiz-Linares, Andres and {Han Chinese South (CHS)} and Cai, Zhiming and Gao, Yang and Chu, Jiayou and {Finnish in Finland (FIN)} and Peltonen, Leena and {Iberian Populations in Spain (IBS)} and Garcia-Montero, Andres and Orfao, Alberto and {Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico (PUR)} and Dutil, Julie and Martinez-Cruzado, Juan C. and Oleksyk, Taras K. and {African Caribbean in Barbados (ACB)} and Barnes, Kathleen C. and Mathias, Rasika A. and Hennis, Anselm and Watson, Harold and McKenzie, Colin and {Bengali in Bangladesh (BEB)} and Qadri, Firdausi and LaRocque, Regina and Sabeti, Pardis C. and {Chinese Dai in Xishuangbanna, China (CDX)} and Zhu, Jiayong and Deng, Xiaoyan and {Esan in Nigeria (ESN)} and Sabeti, Pardis C. and Asogun, Danny and Folarin, Onikepe and Happi, Christian and Omoniwa, Omonwunmi and Stremlau, Matt and Tariyal, Ridhi and {Gambian in Western Division – Mandinka (GWD)} and Jallow, Muminatou and Sisay Joof, Fatoumatta and Corrah, Tumani and Rockett, Kirk and Kwiatkowski, Dominic and {Indian Telugu in the UK (ITU) and Sri Lankan Tamil in the UK (STU)} and Kooner, Jaspal and {Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (KHV)} and Tịnh Hiên, Trân and Dunstan, Sarah J. and Thuy Hang, Nguyen and {Mende in Sierra Leone (MSL)} and Fonnie, Richard and Garry, Robert and Kanneh, Lansana and Moses, Lina and Sabeti, Pardis C. and Schieffelin, John and Grant, Donald S. and {Peruvian in Lima, Peru (PEL)} and Gallo, Carla and Poletti, Giovanni and {Punjabi in Lahore, Pakistan (PJL)} and Saleheen, Danish and Rasheed, Asif and {Scientific management} and Brooks, Lisa D. and Felsenfeld, Adam L. and McEwen, Jean E. and Vaydylevich, Yekaterina and Green, Eric D. and Duncanson, Audrey and Dunn, Michael and Schloss, Jeffery A. and Wang, Jun and Yang, Huanming and {Writing group} and Auton, Adam and Brooks, Lisa D. and Durbin, Richard M. and Garrison, Erik P. and Min Kang, Hyun and Korbel, Jan O. and Marchini, Jonathan L. and McCarthy, Shane and McVean, Gil A. and Abecasis, Gonçalo R.},
month = oct,
year = {2015},
pages = {68--74},
}
@article{edelsbrunner_topological_2002,
title = {Topological {Persistence} and {Simplification}},
volume = {28},
copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
issn = {0179-5376, 1432-0444},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00454-002-2885-2},
doi = {10.1007/s00454-002-2885-2},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2026-03-15},
journal = {Discrete \& Computational Geometry},
author = {{Edelsbrunner} and {Letscher} and {Zomorodian}},
month = nov,
year = {2002},
pages = {511--533},
}
@article{carlsson_topology_2009,
title = {Topology and data},
volume = {46},
copyright = {https://www.ams.org/publications/copyright-and-permissions},
issn = {1088-9485, 0273-0979},
url = {https://www.ams.org/bull/2009-46-02/S0273-0979-09-01249-X/},
doi = {10.1090/S0273-0979-09-01249-X},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2026-03-15},
journal = {Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society},
author = {Carlsson, Gunnar},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {255--308},
}
