Macrophages are innate immune cells with a wide range of functional capacities(Wu et al., 2021). They have been broadly classified into M1 or M2 phenotypes based on environmental signals. Due to variation in such regulatory cues, these macrophages are thought to also show states that are intermediate within a spectrum that has M1 and M2 at its two extremes(Karnevi et al., 2014). However,...
Immune responses are tightly regulated by a diverse set of interacting immune-cell populations, and immune-cell communication pathways are routinely targeted by immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, a quantitative understanding of immune-cell regulation in vivo is only beginning to emerge [1]. We assessed cytokine reaction-diffusion dynamics using a 4D finite-element based...
A central challenge in systems oncology is understanding how the tumour microenvironment (TME) reconfigures the internal regulatory circuitry of cancer cells. While the reprogramming of immune cells within the TME is well-documented, the longitudinal regulatory dynamics of the cancer cells themselves, especially in response to immune interactions, remain elusive. In this work, we present a...
This talk explores how we move from models toward clinically useful digital twins in biomedicine. It focuses on three pillars: multiscale integration of intracellular signalling with agent-based cell simulations(Estragues-Muñoz et al., 2026) , personalisation using patient-specific omics (Montagud et al., 2022), and community standards for model validation(Ntiniakou et al., 2025).
We...
Cancer progression is driven by uncontrolled proliferation and the ability of tumors to exploit the tumor microenvironment (TME), a heterogeneous ecosystem composed of cancer, immune and endothelial cells with extracellular matrix. Within the TME, reciprocal interactions between tumor and immune cells shape disease outcome. The balance between anti-tumor immune surveillance and...
